In the Matter of the Marriage of: Daniel Matthew Mancoff & Amanda Lynne Ramsey

                                                                  FILED
                                                                APRIL 5, 2022
                                                        In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                       WA State Court of Appeals, Division III

         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                            DIVISION THREE

In the Matter of the Marriage of:            )         No. 38553-1-III
                                             )
DANIEL MATTHEW MANCOFF,                      )
                                             )
                        Respondent,          )
                                             )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
   and                                       )
                                             )
AMANDA LYNNE RAMSEY,                         )
                                             )
                        Appellant.           )

       PENNELL, J. — Amanda Lynne Ramsey appeals a final divorce order, restraining

order, and parenting plan. The orders place Ms. Ramsey’s daughter, P.R., in the primary

residential care of P.R.’s father, Daniel Matthew Mancoff. The orders also restrict Ms.

Ramsey from having contact with P.R. until recommended by Ms. Ramsey’s therapist.

We affirm.

                                         FACTS

       Amanda Ramsey and Daniel Mancoff’s relationship ended when Ms. Ramsey

filed for a domestic violence protection order alleging Mr. Mancoff sexually and

physically abused their daughter, P.R. Both Mr. Mancoff and P.R. consistently denied

Ms. Ramsey’s accusations, resulting in Mr. Mancoff filing for divorce and seeking sole

custody of P.R. The trial court appointed a guardian ad litem (GAL) to investigate Ms.

Ramsey’s accusations, and Mr. Mancoff’s accusations that Ms. Ramsey was mentally ill.
No. 38553-1-III
In re Marriage of Mancoff & Ramsey


The GAL found no basis for Ms. Ramsey’s accusations and recommended she enter

therapy. The GAL and various fact witnesses who had personally interacted with

Ms. Ramsey found her to be an inconsistent and sometimes incredible storyteller.

       At the dissolution trial, Mr. Mancoff presented extensive evidence of Ms.

Ramsey’s postseparation emotional abuse of P.R. While Ms. Ramsey disputed this

evidence, the trial court found Ms. Ramsey not credible and that she had committed

“repeated [acts of] emotional abuse” against P.R. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 2188. Based on

these repeated acts of emotional abuse, Ms. Ramsey’s long-term emotional deficiencies,

and her abusive use of conflict, the court awarded Mr. Mancoff sole custody of P.R.

and suspended visitation for Ms. Ramsey until it was recommended by a therapist.

       Ms. Ramsey timely appeals. A Division Three panel considered Ms.

Ramsey’s appeal without oral argument after receipt of an administrative transfer of the

case from Division Two.

                                       ANALYSIS

Credibility finding

       Ms. Ramsey challenges the trial court’s adverse credibility determination, claiming

it was unsupported by the evidence at trial. Mr. Mancoff answers that a trier of fact’s

credibility determinations are not reviewable on appeal. We agree with Mr. Mancoff.


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No. 38553-1-III
In re Marriage of Mancoff & Ramsey


       This court reviews the factual findings of a trial court in a bench trial for

substantial evidence. State v. Homan, 

, 

 (2014).

“‘Substantial evidence’ is evidence sufficient to persuade a fair-minded person of the

truth of the matter asserted.” In re Marriage of Chandola, 

, 

 (2014). “[T]his court must defer to the finder of fact in resolving conflicting evidence

and credibility determinations.” State v. N.B., 7 Wn. App. 2d 831, 837, 

(2019).

       A credibility assessment is not a fact. Credibility can be undermined by various

factors, such as demeanor and nonsubstantive impeachment evidence. Because an adverse

credibility determination is not a factual finding, it need not be justified by substantial

evidence. Ms. Ramsey fails to point to any authority showing otherwise. DeHeer v.

Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 

, 

 (1962) (“Where no

authorities are cited in support of a proposition, the court is not required to search out

authorities, but may assume that counsel, after diligent search, has found none.”).

We reject Ms. Ramsey’s challenge to the trial court’s credibility assessment.

Pattern of emotional abuse

       Ms. Ramsey contends the trial court abused its discretion by applying the wrong

legal standard when it suspended her residential time because she repeatedly inflicted


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In re Marriage of Mancoff & Ramsey


emotional abuse on P.R. Ms. Ramsey points out that under the statute, the mandatory

restriction on residential time requires a finding of a “pattern of emotional abuse.”

RCW 26.09.191(2)(a)(ii) (emphasis added). The statute does not use the word “repeated.”

Mr. Mancoff responds that “pattern” and “repeated” mean the same thing. We disagree

with Mr. Mancoff’s linguistic analysis. Nevertheless, we uphold the trial court’s

restriction.

       “The trial court’s review of a matter concerning the rights of custody and visitation

will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.” In re Marriage of Chua, 

, 

 (2009). “A court abuses its discretion where the court

applies an incorrect standard, the record does not support the court’s findings, or the facts

do not meet the requirements of the correct standard.” In re Marriage of Kim, 

, 

 (2014).

       The phrase “pattern of emotional abuse” is not defined by the statute. According to

the dictionary definition, “repeated” means “renewed or recurring again and again:

CONSTANT, FREQUENT.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY                   1924

(1993). “Pattern,” on the other hand, is defined as “a reliable sample of traits, acts, or

other observable features characterizing an individual.” Id. at 1657. Repeated acts are

necessary to discern a pattern. But mere repetition does not necessarily create a pattern.


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We therefore agree with Ms. Ramsey that a finding of repeated acts does not necessitate a

finding of a pattern.

          While it would have been preferable for the trial court to use the word “pattern”

instead of “repeated,” the record as a whole shows the trial court found a pattern of

emotional abuse. After listing Ms. Ramsey’s various acts of emotional abuse against P.R.,

the court found “[Ms.] Ramsey’s behaviors and choices, including repeated disparaging

comments to and about [P.R.] and Mr. Mancoff, have been the source of distance and

estranged relationship between herself and [P.R.].” CP at 2189. This clearly displays the

court’s determination that Ms. Ramsey’s emotional abuse of P.R. followed a pattern that

characterized the mother-daughter relationship. Any error by the trial court in utilizing the

word “repeated” instead of “pattern” was of no consequence to the trial court’s ultimate

ruling.

          Even if the trial court applied the wrong standard, such error was harmless. This

court reverses only where an error prejudices a party. Driggs v. Howlett, 

, 

 (2016). Under RCW 26.09.191(3)(b) and (e), a court may preclude

or limit any provisions of a parenting plan if it finds “[a] long-term emotional or physical

impairment which interferes with the parent’s performance of parenting functions,” or




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